The earliest surviving maps include cave paintings and etchings on tusk and stone, followed by extensive maps produced by ancient Babylon, Greece and Rome, China, and India. Maps have been one of the most important human inventions for millennia, allowing humans to explain and navigate their way through the world. The history of cartography traces the development of cartography, or mapmaking technology, in human history. Tabula Rogeriana, one of the most advanced early world maps, by Muhammad al-Idrisi's, 1154 Thus, "map" became a shortened term referring to a two-dimensional representation of the surface of the world. The word "map" comes from the medieval Latin: Mappa mundi, wherein mappa meant 'napkin' or 'cloth' and mundi 'the world'. The space being mapped may be two dimensional, such as the surface of the earth, three dimensional, such as the interior of the earth, or even more abstract spaces of any dimension, such as arise in modeling phenomena having many independent variables.Īlthough the earliest maps known are of the heavens, geographic maps of territory have a very long tradition and exist from ancient times. Although most commonly used to depict geography, maps may represent any space, real or fictional, without regard to context or scale, such as in brain mapping, DNA mapping, or computer network topology mapping. Many maps are static, fixed to paper or some other durable medium, while others are dynamic or interactive. A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes.
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